[FieldTrip] a few questions on separating fractal and oscillatory components in the data

Wed Feb 25 12:43:32 CET 2026

Hi Ivaylo,

Following Jan-Mathijs’ advice, I’d like to add my 2 cents, as this is an
issue and I’ve encountered similar problems in the past.

This is a hot-topic and you're not the only one having a hard time
modelling the 1/f under certain conditions. Since you know Gerster et
al, I will
include here the rest of the relevant papers I came across during the
following interesting discussion led by the EEGlab community:
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsccn%2FOneOverF%2Fdiscussions&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166318754457%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=FZLVzTS4iy7hs1py1M8WygnTUZW7Q7FbGVldLlHE0ps%3D&reserved=0

Long story short, there's no easy way to model the 1/f and maybe, it is
better to avoid the modelling rather than to insist in order to avoid wrong
conclusions (see some papers below). Regarding your relative vs linear
subtraction, take a look at Máté Gyurkovics who faced this issue and
reported what happens with this additive vs multiplicative
(under)estimation. They found a weak negative rank-correlation
(within-subjects) between 1/f and narrow alpha power, in line with the
additive model. Here, dB conversion was an issue.

On the other hand, Brake 2024 finds that:
"these two mechanisms thus require two distinct methods of detrending,
i.e., subtractive versus divisive detrending, respectively. Without prior
knowledge, it is unclear which method is required. Moreover, given the
amplitude of peaks above the background trend typical in EEG spectra, small
additive changes in the trend would alter the peak amplitudes minimally
compared to the errors introduced by incorrectly detrending (Fig. 5).
Overall, we conclude that spectral detrending should not be performed
unless there is clear physiological and biophysical justification and
validation." so maybe your data may be closer to the multiplicative case.

In my case, the spectra were somewhere in between, and I decided to drop
the modelling because it caused more harm than good.

If you aim to relate your results to the excitation-inhibition balance
thing, I would recommend reading Chakravarty et al 2026.

Best,

Diego

Relevant papers here:

Gerster, M., Waterstraat, G., Litvak, V. *et al.* Separating Neural
Oscillations from Aperiodic 1/f Activity: Challenges and Recommendations.
*Neuroinform* 20, 991–1012 (2022).
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12021-022-09581-8&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344372334%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=yG4M69DyhZ7Rq0ToEswGshDskjQis37697notNN0PGU%3D&reserved=0

Kałamała, P., Clements, G. M., Gyurkovics, M., Chen, T., Low, K. A.,
Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2025). How to Improve the Reliability of
Aperiodic Parameter Estimates in M/EEG: A Method Comparison. openRxiv.
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2025.11.10.687541&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344460022%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=3hadHVzc195TdyO9xiTlEgyCbubDsejHlLjHrapR%2ByE%3D&reserved=0

Racz, F. S., Mac-Auliffe, D., Mukli, P., Milton, J., Cabrera, J. L., &
Millán, J. del R. (2024). Alternative EEG pre-processing pipelines can lead
to conflicting conclusions regarding cortical excitation/inhibition ratio.
openRxiv. https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2024.11.08.622698&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344522505%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=TfgwA77rgV3RykXKhXyWKfpO48WdPdceNxZZ5qeKky0%3D&reserved=0

Racz, F. S., Milton, J., Cabrera, J. L., Csukly, G., & Millán, J. del R.
(2025). Multi-Modal Spectral Parametrization Method (MMSPM) for analyzing
EEG activity with distinct scaling regimes (Version 2). arXiv.
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.48550%2FARXIV.2505.18117&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344589339%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=fZOse4JtGEZg16tcwuYx7aBV6ebOcdpukh2HXxjGIgU%3D&reserved=0

Chakravarty, K., Roy, S., Sinha, A. et al. Can we infer
excitation-inhibition balance from the spectrum of population activity?.
Commun Biol 9, 51 (2026). https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-025-09315-x&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344642186%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=68e1eCG9eDGcbBj53%2F5iq7H4wTdFrd6LtnVziBcT%2Ffg%3D&reserved=0

Donoghue, T., Hammonds, R., Lybrand, E., Washcke, L., Gao, R., & Voytek, B.
(2024). Evaluating and Comparing Measures of Aperiodic Neural Activity.
openRxiv. https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2024.09.15.613114&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344696354%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=Ke5ceJDSqjbB0Xm6OwFhrBhZfxkPd43SQLvsWFsIJno%3D&reserved=0

Gyurkovics, M., Clements, G. M., Low, K. A., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G.
(2021). The impact of 1/f activity and baseline correction on the results
and interpretation of time-frequency analyses of EEG/MEG data: A cautionary
tale. NeuroImage, 237, 118192.
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2021.118192&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344785122%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=RYCSwI3LAvBLJZ%2BXuflrg8ZEtJS8rSu2quxl%2FoGqCTg%3D&reserved=0

da Silva Castanheira, J., Landry, M., & Fleming, S. M. (2025). Quantifying
Rhythmic and Arrhythmic Components of Brain Activity. openRxiv.
https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2025.09.24.678322&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344846155%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AncLQZ7%2BdFor7rdLHGcXrccWA3AvUYBkVkgt3p1r55Q%3D&reserved=0

Boncompte, G., Medel, V., Irani, M., Lachaux, J. P., & Ossandon, T. (2024).
Aperiodic exponent of brain field potentials is dependent on the frequency
range it is estimated. openRxiv. https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F2024.12.17.628966&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344902204%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=jE78g91eidNywBZlMl4%2Ffb1lClj1%2BiZw6l1IUIYMeKE%3D&reserved=0

Brake, N., Duc, F., Rokos, A. et al. A neurophysiological basis for
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(2024). https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45922-8&data=05%7C02%7Cfieldtrip%40science.ru.nl%7Ce1593e07148d4098b6e908de74632396%7C084578d9400d4a5aa7c7e76ca47af400%7C1%7C0%7C639076166344949703%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=OVC2AmYhc5DULyyz4i5lDCCKOFsvmQPrEtZhZFf7ris%3D&reserved=0

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On Wed, 25 Feb 2026 at 11:56, Ivaylo Iotchev via fieldtrip <
fieldtrip at science.ru.nl> wrote:

> Jan Mathijs,
>
> thank you dearly(!) for the fast response! Just to make my last thought
> clear: I expected oscillatory power and aperiodic power to not be strongly
> correlated with each other after separation, because I assume that
> correlation would mean one is still somewhat inside the other. For example,
> prior to separating them from each other, power in all bands likewise
> strongly correlated with each other, and in the same direction (theta
> with alpha, alpha with delta and so on...) which I understood as "the
> aperiodic part is the biggest part in my signal, so it makes the
> frequencies that float on top of it correlate with each other", does that
> make any sense to you, logically speaking?
>
> I would also value your opinion on *using division instead of subtraction*
> (i.e. raw signal./aperiodic signal, instead of raw signal - aperiodic
> signal). I think in my data, if I want to correct for aperiodic signals at
> all, it makes more sense, because my trials' spectra do not form clean
> straight lines in the log-log space as Gerster et al. recommend, so the
> tiniest errors in fitting the slope of the aperiodic signal could eliminate
> frequency information that is actually there (in my estimation the
> proportion of aperiodic to periodic power in my data is magnitudes bigger
> than already in humans, my animals have bigger muscles on the top of the
> scalp and the EEG is extracranial, which is why without using either
> relative power or aperiodically corrected power, frequency specific power
> is highly intercorrelated).
>
> If you have thoughts on any of these, let me know, otherwise thank you for
> the time you already put in this
>
> Bests,
>
> Ivo
>
> Am Mi., 25. Feb. 2026 um 10:55 Uhr schrieb Schoffelen, J.M. (Jan Mathijs)
> via fieldtrip <fieldtrip at science.ru.nl>:
>
>> Hi Ivaylo,
>>
>> It seems that you have certain expectations about correlations that are
>> not met by your data. I am not sure whether this warrants the conclusion
>> that ’the separation fails with the default approach’.
>>
>> It’s unclear what you correlate with each other, and why you expect these
>> measures to be (linearly?) correlated or not. All in all this makes it hard
>> to reply in a targeted fashion.
>>
>> Regarding your statement of using medians for integration: this is what
>> the irasa folks came up with, so it’s standard practice in the irasa
>> universe.
>>
>> Best wishes,
>> Jan-Mathijs
>>
>>
>> > On 23 Feb 2026, at 17:11, Ivaylo Iotchev via fieldtrip <
>> fieldtrip at science.ru.nl> wrote:
>> >
>> > Dear community,
>> >
>> > this is a rather general question, because it is not limited to how
>> IRASA is used within Fieldtrip, but whoever feels like answering feel free
>> to tie your answers to Fieldtrip functions so that it is useful for
>> everyone here.
>> >
>> > I came across the slope phenomenon rather recently, and the first
>> general question is whether component separation always works and makes
>> sense for every type of data? I noticed that my frequency specific
>> components each remain positively correlated with the aperiodic part (and
>> each other), strongly so (r > .90) thus I suspect that the separation
>> failed with the default approach.
>> >
>> > For this reason I need to ask the legitimacy of a few alternative
>> approaches, that make sense to me, but might be entirely wrong and I just
>> don't see it
>> >
>> > 1. Divide the mixed spectrum by the aperiodic one, point by point. For
>> me this reduces the correlation between oscillatory and aperiodic parts,
>> but I do not see anyone else doing this
>> >
>> > 2. (in combination with the above) it seems to me that using medians to
>> integrate power across bins is a good idea, but again this does not seem to
>> be standard practice
>> >
>> > Just let me know what you think or know about this, and again feel free
>> to incorporate Fieldtrip usage in your answer to make this more valuable
>> for the community.
>> >
>> > Best wishes,
>> >
>> > --
>> > Dr. Ivaylo Iotchev. Researcher. Active in the fields of ethology,
>> psychology, and neuroscience
>> > Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
>> > _______________________________________________
>> > fieldtrip mailing list
>> >
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>>
>
>
> --
> Dr. Ivaylo Iotchev. Researcher. Active in the fields of ethology,
> psychology, and neuroscience
> Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
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