[FieldTrip] Different way of calculating the covariance for LCM

Jean-Michel Badier jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
Thu Mar 24 22:08:46 CET 2011


Thanks Michael and Yuval,

That clarify the theoretical points.
Clearly the point 2 and 3 of my original message would give the same 
results.

Jean-Michel

Le 24/03/11 16:58, Yuval Harpaz a écrit :
> Thanks Michael for the detailed explanation. sorry for 
> misunderstanding you before, making you work hard to explain yourself.
> thanks again, yuval
>
> On 24 March 2011 16:24, Michael Wibral <michael.wibral at web.de 
> <mailto:michael.wibral at web.de>> wrote:
>
>     Dear Yuval,
>
>      you are completely right with what you wrote but you might have
>     misunderstood my post (as I say exactly the same):
>
>     What I wrote is exactly this: concatenation of trials followed by
>     cov computation or trial wise cov computation followed by
>     averaging is the same, BUT different from averaging and then
>     computing cov (just as you point out).
>
>     Also note that i did NOT write that cov computation is linear BUT
>     bi-linear (see also the wikipedia article on covariance), hence
>     you have to honor distributivity in both arguments (and since you
>     average both arguments, that's were the problem comes in!).
>
>     Let's denote cov computation by C<.|.>, then
>
>     (1a)    C<a+b|c>=(C<a|c> + C<b|c> )      (this is  linearity in
>     first argument)
>     (1b)    C<a+b|c+d>=(C<a|c> + C<b|c> + C<a|d> + C<b|d> )     (this
>     is  bi-linearity when considering both arguments)
>
>     concatenating signal vectors a, b and c,d into …[a b] and [c d] means:
>     (1c) C<[a b]|[c d]> = (C<a|c> + C<b|d> )
>
>     For numerical factors 1/m, 1/n as they arise in averaging the
>     following holds:
>     C<1/m*a| 1/n*b> =1/m*1/m*C<a|b>
>
>
>     (i.e. concatenation or single trial cov computation and later
>     averaging are the same. This is because the dot product that is
>     used to compute the covariance for two signals vectors reads like
>     this: [a b c d] * [e f g h]=ae+bf+cg+dh=[a b] * [e f] + [c
>     d]*[gh], so whether you multiply the vectors in pieces and later
>     add results or rather multiply them as a whole doesn't matter.
>     What matters is that a, b, ... stay exactly the same in both cases)
>
>
>     Now to trial averging and cov computation (see 3) versus cov
>     computation and averaging afterwards (see 4):
>
>     for two trials a,b and two channels c1,c2:
>
>     (4)   
>     C<AVG(c1a|c1b)|AVG(c2a,c2b)>=1/2*1/2*(C<c1a|c2a>+C<c1b|c2b>+C<c1a|c2b>+C<c1b|c2a>)
>        (here things get multiplied across trials, the two factors 1/2
>     come from each separate averaging in the first and second argument)
>     (5)    AVG(C<c1a|c2a>,C<c1b|c2b>)  =1/2*(C<c1a|c2a>+C<c1b|c2b>) 
>     (here things do only get multiplied within trials, we have only
>     the outer averaging, hence only a factor of 1/2)
>
>     Michael
>
>
>
>         ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>         *Von:* "Yuval Harpaz" <yuvharpaz at gmail.com
>         <mailto:yuvharpaz at gmail.com>>
>         *Gesendet:* Mar 24, 2011 10:41:02 AM
>
>         *An:* "Email discussion list for the FieldTrip project"
>         <fieldtrip at donders.ru.nl <mailto:fieldtrip at donders.ru.nl>>
>         *Betreff:* Re: [FieldTrip] Different way of calculating the
>         covariance for LCM
>
>         Dear Michael, Jean-Michel and FieldTrip users.
>         To my experience and understanding it does matter if you first
>         asses the covariance and then average or the other way around.
>         First, as far as my understanding goes, if we have some brain
>         activity such as alpha, which is not phase locked to the event
>         then in the covariance will not 'catch' too much covariability
>         there after averaging, compared to unaveraged data where it
>         should. if the process of calculating covariance and averaging
>         id linear then I must be wrong here.
>         anyway, beamforming on averaged and unaveraged base covariance
>         matrices give different results in fieldtrip. this is because
>         the covariance matrices are not the same with or without
>         averaging.
>
>         I ran the following test to check it all. I took the same
>         structure as in the example above, and I tested the covariance
>         matrix after
>         1. running it with cfg.keeptrials='yes'; then I averaged 
>         (across trials) the 3d matrix to get 2d matrix.
>         2. running it without keeping trials; it gives a 2d covariance
>         matrix.
>         3. averaging the data with this command:
>         mD1st=ft_timelockanalysis([],D1st). no filters baseline
>         correction or anything.
>         then I ran timelockanalysis again to compute the covariance
>         (no keeptrials of course).
>
>         the result is that 1. and 2. gave the same result but not 3.
>
>         It seems to me that the process is not linear, at least in
>         fieldtrip, and that one doesn't need to specify keeptrials for
>         unaveraged data because it calculates the covariance for every
>         trial and then averages the cov matrices.
>
>         If I am wrong here I will appreciate further help with this issue.
>
>         thanks
>         yuval
>
>
>         On 23 March 2011 21:27, Michael Wibral <michael.wibral at web.de
>         <mailto:michael.wibral at web.de>> wrote:
>
>
>             Dear Fieldtrip users interested in covariance computation,
>             dear Yuval,
>
>             I would like to my opinion on covariance computation up
>             for discussion here.
>
>             Covariance is a (bi-)linear measure (like an inner
>             (scalar) product) and should in principle be commutative
>             mathematically with other linear procedures as long as you
>             respect the distributative law from elementary math. Hence,
>
>             (1) averaging single trial covariances or computing the
>             covariance of concatenated trials should give the same
>             result if a am not mistaken. In these two approaches
>             samples from your two time course are in the end
>             multiplied with each other one by one. Whichever route of
>             these two you take does not matter at all.
>             This holds as long as you treat baseline correction and
>             filtering (!) exactly the same way in both cases -
>             otherwise you'll additionally get the baseline covariance
>             over trials as a term in the covariance matrix or
>             filtering related differences. This latter point maybe
>             important if you post hoc decide on a band width to
>             confine your beamformer analysis to and do not go back to
>             the raw data for the band pass filtering.
>
>             (2) In contrast, when you compute covariance from a
>             precomputed trial average then every sample at time t in
>             one trial on channel A will in the course of the
>             calculations be implicitely multiplied with samples at
>             time t at EVERY other trial on channel B. So this
>             covariances focuses on covariance structures that are
>             consistent irrespective of the correct pairings of trials.
>
>             It's a little bit like first computing the power spectrum
>             and averaging to get total activity (induced+evoked) -
>             this would correspond to procedure (1) , or first
>             averaging and then computing spectral power in order to
>             get the power of evoked activity alone - this would
>             correspond to procedure (2).
>
>             This said, when you're interested in the sources of all
>             task related oscillatory activity - not only the activity
>             phase locked to a stimulus you should pick option (1).
>
>
>             Please let me know If I overlooked something important.
>             Michael
>
>
>
>
>             ---------------------
>             Von: "Jean-Michel Badier" <jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
>             <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>>
>             Gesendet: Mar 23, 2011 9:42:53 AM
>             An: "Email discussion list for the FieldTrip project"
>             <fieldtrip at donders.ru.nl <mailto:fieldtrip at donders.ru.nl>>
>             Betreff: Re: [FieldTrip] Different way of calculating the
>             covariance for LCM
>
>
>             Thanks Yuval,
>
>
>              Le 22/03/11 10:55, Yuval Harpaz a écrit :
>
>             So just run the commands on an unaveraged dataset.
>
>
>
>             Yes but that would be correct if there was only one trial
>             in the     data set (see the message from Luisa).
>
>
>
>             Another option to consider is the one used by Dr.        
>             Robinson when performing SAMerf (we have his tool [here],
>             works         for our 4D machine).
>
>
>              Thanks for it I will test it.
>
>
>             The idea is to calculate the covariance on all trials,
>             calculate         weights by this covariance (keep filter
>             in LCMV) and then apply         these weights on the
>             averaged data. I found it useful because         the
>             covariance is better for longer datasets, and the
>             averaging         in the end increases the signal to noise
>             ratio. I do not know         exactly how to do it in
>             fieldtrip.
>
>
>             On 22 March 2011 10:43, Jean-Michel           Badier
>             <[jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
>             <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>]> wrote:
>
>
>             Dear Yuval,
>
>              I have to admit that I did not look at the matlab        
>                   routines.
>              In item 2 I suppose that the covariance is calculated for
>                           each trial then averaged. In item 3 I would
>             like to               calculate the covariance from all
>             the signal (the trials               being concatenated).
>
>              Jean-Michel
>
>              Le 22/03/11 05:47, Yuval Harpaz a écrit :
>
>
>
>             Dear Jean Michel
>             As far as I know you can do it on an averaged            
>                         data structure (item 1) or do the same with
>             the                         data structure before
>             averaging (3). I did not                        
>             understand what you meant by 2.
>
>             Yuval
>
>
>             On 21 March 2011 22:58,                          
>             Jean-Michel Badier <[jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
>             <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>]> wrote:
>
>
>             Dear                               fieldtrip users,
>
>              There are different ways of estimating the              
>                             covariance for LCMV calculation.
>              If I am correct:
>
>              1. As suggested in one of the tutorial one              
>                             can apply the calculation of the          
>                                 covariance directly on the average
>             data                               (for the different
>             periods of interest                               that are
>             at least a base line and the                              
>             period of interest).
>
>              2. Estimate the covariance from the                      
>                     average of the covariance rather than the        
>                                   covariance of the average using    
>                                       cfg.keeptrials = "yes"
>
>              3. Estimate the covariance from the whole                
>                           trials concatenated together.
>              Is there an easy way to do that in                      
>                     fieldtrip (beside create a new data set of        
>                                   one trial constituted of all the
>             trials)?
>
>              Thanks
>
>              Jean-Michel
>
>
>             --  Jean-Michel                                    Badier PhD
>              Laboratoire de                                        
>             MagnétoEncéphaloGraphie INSERM U751. Aix                  
>                                   Marseille Université 33 (0)4 91 38
>             55 62  [jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
>             <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>]
>              Service de                                              
>             Neurophysiologie Clinique. CHU                            
>                         Timone 264 Rue                                
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>                       Marseille-France
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>
>
>              --
>
>             Y.Harpaz
>
>              a link to the BIU MEG lab:
>             [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~goldsa/index.html
>             <http://faculty.biu.ac.il/%7Egoldsa/index.html>]
>
>
>
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>
>
>              --
>
>             Y.Harpaz
>
>              a link to the BIU MEG lab:
>             [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~goldsa/index.html
>             <http://faculty.biu.ac.il/%7Egoldsa/index.html>]
>
>
>
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>             Jean-Michel Badier
>
>             Laboratoire               de MagnétoEncéphaloGraphie
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>             [jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr
>             <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>]
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>             Service                     de Neurophysiologie Clinique.
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-- 

Jean-Michel Badier


Laboratoire de MagnétoEncéphaloGraphie

INSERM U751. Aix Marseille Université

33 (0)4 91 38 55 62

_jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr_ <mailto:jean-michel.badier at univmed.fr>


Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique. CHU Timone

264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille-France



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